Chikamu 1 -Kutonhora kushandakufasimbi
Cold working die simbi inosanganisira molds yekugadzira punching nekucheka (blanking and punching molds, trimming molds, punches, scissors), inotonhora heading molds, inotonhora extrusion molds, bending molds, uye waya yekudhirowa mold, etc.
1. Mamiriro ekushanda uye zvinodiwa zvekushanda kwekushanda kunotonhorasimbi inofa
Panguva yekushanda kwekutonhora kushandasimbi inofa, nekuda kweiyo yakakwira deformation kuramba kwezvinhu zvakagadziriswa, chikamu chekushanda che mold chinotakura kumanikidza kukuru, simba rekukotama, simba rekuita, uye friction force.Naizvozvo, chikonzero chakajairwa chekurasa kutonhora kushanda molds kazhinji nekuda kwekupfeka uye kubvaruka.Kune zvakare zviitiko apo ivo vanokundikana nguva isati yakwana nekuda kwekutyoka, kudonha simba, uye deformation inodarika kushivirira.
Kuenzaniswa nekucheka simbi simbi, inotonhora basasimbi inofaine zvakawanda zvakafanana.Iyo mold inodiwa kuve nekuoma kwepamusoro uye kupfeka kuramba, simba rekukotama rakakwirira, uye kusimba kwakakwana kuti ive nechokwadi chekufambira mberi kwakanaka kwechitambi.Musiyano uri muchimiro chakaoma uye tekinoroji yekugadzirisa ye mold, pamwe nenzvimbo yakakura yekukwenya uye mukana wepamusoro wekupfeka, zvichiita kuti zviome kugadzirisa uye kugaya.Nokudaro, kupikisa kwepamusoro kunodiwa.Kana mold iri kushanda, inotakura punching yakakwira uye inokonzeresa kusagadzikana nekuda kwechimiro chayo chakaomarara, saka inoda kuomarara kwepamusoro;Iyo mold ine hukuru hukuru uye chimiro chakaoma, saka inoda kuomarara kwakanyanya, kudiki deformation, uye kutsemuka maitiro.Muchidimbu, zvinodikanwa zvekuomesa, kupfeka kuramba, uye kuoma kwebasa rinotonhorasimbi inofadzakakwirira kudarika dzemasimbi emidziyo yekucheka.Nekudaro, izvo zvinodikanwa zvekuomarara zvitsvuku zvakadzikira kana kuti hazvidiwe (nekuti zvinoumbwa munzvimbo inotonhora), saka mamwe magiredhi esimbi akakodzera kutonhora basa mould akaumbwa zvakare, sekusimudzira kwekupfeka kwepamusoro, micro deformation. basa rinotonhorasimbi inofauye yakakwirira kuoma kutonhora basasimbi inofa.
2. Steel giredhi kusarudzwa
Kazhinji, zvinoenderana nemamiriro ekushandiswa kweanotonhora anoshanda mold, kusarudzwa kwemagiredhi esimbi kunogona kukamurwa mune anotevera mamiriro mana:
①Cchekare kushanda mold nehukuru hudiki, chimiro chakareruka, uye mutoro wakareruka.
Semuenzaniso, zvibhakera zvidiki uye zvigero zvekucheka mahwendefa esimbi zvinogona kugadzirwa nekabhoni mudziyo simbi dzakadai T7A, T8A, T10A, uye T12A.Zvakanakira rudzi urwu rwesimbi ndezvi;Zvakanaka processability, mutengo wakachipa, uye nyore sosi.Asi zvipingamupinyi zvayo ndezvi: kuoma kwakaderera, kushomeka kwekusapfeka, uye deformation yakakura yekudzima.Naizvozvo, inokodzera chete maturusi ekugadzira ane diki diki, maumbirwo akareruka, uye akareruka mitoro, pamwe neinotonhora yekushanda molds inoda yakaderera kuomesa layer uye yakakwirira kuomarara.
② Cold working molds ane hukuru hukuru, zvimiro zvakaoma, uye mitoro yakareruka.
Mhando dzesimbi dzinowanzo shandiswa dzinosanganisira yakaderera alloy yekucheka simbi se9SiCr, CrWMn, GCr15, uye 9Mn2V.Iyo yekudzima dhayamita yeaya masimbi mumafuta anogona kazhinji kusvika pamusoro pe40mm.Pakati pavo, 9Mn2V simbi imhando yebasa rinotonhorasimbi inofayakagadzirwa muChina mumakore achangopfuura iyo isina Cr.Inogona kutsiva kana kutsiva simbi ine Cr.
Iyo carbide heterogeneity uye kudzima kutsemuka kwe9Mn2V simbi idiki pane iyo CrWMn simbi, uye decarburization maitiro idiki pane iyo ye9SiCr simbi, nepo kuomarara kwakakura kupfuura kuya kwekabhoni mudziyo simbi.Mutengo wayo unongosvika makumi matatu muzana epamusoro pane wekupedzisira, saka igiredhi resimbi rakakodzera kusimudzira nekushandisa.Nekudaro, 9Mn2V simbi zvakare ine zvimwe zvipingamupinyi, senge kuderera kwesimba kusimba uye kupaza chiitiko chinowanikwa mukugadzira uye kushandiswa.Mukuwedzera, kugadzikana kwekupisa hakuna kunaka, uye tembiricha yekudziya kazhinji haipfuure 180 ℃.Kana yadzikiswa pa200 ℃, simba rekukotama uye kuoma kunotanga kuratidza hunhu hwakaderera.
9Mn2V simbi inogona kudzimwa mukudzima midhiya ine hunyoro hwekutonhodza simba senge nitrate nemafuta anopisa.Kune mamwe mold ane yakasimba deformation zvinodiwa uye yakaderera kuomarara zvinodiwa, austenitic isothermal quenching inogona kushandiswa.
③ Kutonhora kushanda mold ine hukuru hukuru, zvimiro zvakaoma, uye mitoro inorema.
Medium alloy kana high alloy simbi inofanira kushandiswa, yakadai seCr12Mo, Crl2MoV, Cr6WV, Cr4W2MoV, nezvimwewo. Uyezve, simbi yepamusoro inogona kushandiswawo.
Mumakore achangopfuura, maitiro ekushandisa high-speed simbi sekutonhora kushanda molds yave ichiwedzera, asi inofanira kutaurwa kuti panguva ino, haisisiri kushandiswa kweiyo yakasiyana tsvuku yakaoma simba resimbi yakakwirira, asi. pachinzvimbo chayo yakakwirira kuoma uye yakakwirira kupfeka kuramba.Nokudaro, panofanirawo kuva nekusiyana kwehutano hwekupisa.
Paunenge uchishandisa high-speed simbi sechinhu chinotonhora, kudzika-kupisa kunofanira kushandiswa kugadzirisa kusimba.Semuenzaniso, iyo inowanzo shandiswa yekudzima tembiricha yeW18Cr4V simbi yekucheka maturusi ndeye 1280-1290 ℃.Paunenge uchigadzira kutonhora kushanda mold, yakadzika tembiricha yekudzima pa1190 ℃ inofanira kushandiswa.Mumwe muenzaniso ndeye W6Mo5Cr4V2 simbi.Nokushandisa kudzimisa-kupisa, hupenyu hwebasa hunogona kuvandudzwa zvikuru, kunyanya nekuderedza zvakanyanya kurasikirwa.
④ Kutonhora kushanda molds inoiswa pasi pemitoro inorema uye ine matete blade gap.
Sezvambotaurwa pamusoro apa, zvinodiwa zvemhando nhatu dzekutanga dzesimbi dzinotonhora dzinonyanya kupfeka zvakanyanya, saka yakakwira kabhoni hypereutectoid simbi uye kunyange ledeburite simbi inoshandiswa.Nekudaro, kune kumwe kushanda kunotonhora kunofa, senge shongwe yepadivi kucheka uye kuvharika kunofa, iyo ine matete majoini uye inokonzeresa mutoro kana ichishandiswa, kusimba kwakanyanya kunodiwa.Kugadzirisa kupokana uku, matanho anotevera anogona kutorwa:
Ⅰ-kuderedza kabhoni yemukati uye shandisa hypoeutectoid simbi kudzivirira kuderera kwekuoma kwesimbi kunokonzerwa neyekutanga uye yechipiri carbides;
Ⅱ-Kuwedzera alloy zvinhu zvakaita seSi uye Cr kuvandudza kugadzikana uye tembiricha yesimbi (inopisa pa240-270 ℃) inobatsira pakubvisa zvizere kudzima kushushikana nekuvandudza mashandiro pasina kuderedza kuoma;
Ⅲ-Wedzera zvinhu zvakaita seW kugadzira refractory carbides kukwenenzvera zviyo nekuvandudza kuoma.Masimbi anowanzo shandiswa kune yakakwira kuoma kutonhora kushanda molds anosanganisira 6SiCr, 4CrW2Si, 5CrW2Si, nezvimwe.
3. Nzira dzeKushandisa Zvakakwana Kugona Kwekuita kweCold Kushanda Die Steel
Paunenge uchishandisa Cr12 mhando simbi kana simbi yekumhanya-mhanya senge inotonhora inoshanda molds, dambudziko rakakurumbira ndere brittleness yakakwira yesimbi, iyo inowanzoputika panguva yekushandiswa.Kuti izvi zviitike, zvinodikanwa kunatsa carbides uchishandisa nzira dzakakwana dzefogi.Mukuwedzera, mamakisi matsva esimbi anofanirwa kugadzirwa.Chinangwa chekugadzira mamakisi matsva esimbi anofanira kunge ari kudzikisa kabhoni yesimbi uye huwandu hwema carbides anoumba zvinhu.
Cr4W2MoV simbi ine zvakanakira senge kuomarara kwepamusoro, kupfeka kwepamusoro kuramba, uye kuomarara kwakanaka.Iyo ine zvakare yakanaka kudzikamisa kugadzikana uye yakazara ma mechanical zvivakwa.Inoshandiswa pakugadzira silicon steel sheet inofa, etc. Inogona kuwedzera hupenyu nekanopfuura 1-3 nguva kana ichienzaniswa neCr12MoV simbi.Nekudaro, tembiricha yekugadzira yesimbi iyi yakatetepa, uye inowanzo putika panguva yekugadzira.Iyo tembiricha yekugadzira uye mashandisirwo ekushandisa anofanirwa kudzorwa zvakanyanya.
Cr2Mn2SiWMoV simbi ine yakaderera quenching tembiricha, diki quenching deformation, uye yakakwirira kuoma.Iyo inozivikanwa semhepo quenched micro deformationsimbi inofa.
7W7Cr4MoV simbi inogona kutsiva W18Cr4V uye Cr12MoV simbi.Chimiro chayo ndechokuti kusafanana kwecarbides uye kuoma kwesimbi kwakagadziridzwa zvikuru.
Chikamu2 -Kushanda kunopisasimbi inofa
1. Mamiriro ekushanda ekupisa kushanda molds
Kupisa kushanda molds zvinosanganisira nyundo yekuumba mold, inopisa extrusion molds, uye kufa-casting molds.Sezvambotaurwa, unhu hukuru hwemamiriro ekushanda ekushanda kunopisa kuumbwa kunosangana nesimbi inopisa, iyo ndiyo misiyano huru kubva kumamiriro ekushanda ekushanda kunotonhora.Naizvozvo, zvinounza zvinotevera matambudziko maviri:
(1) Meta yepamusoro yegomba rekuumbwa inodziya.Kazhinji, kana nyundo inofa iri kushanda, tembiricha yepamusoro yefamboti inogona kusvika pamusoro pe300-400 ℃, uye inopisa extrusion kufa inogona kusvika pamusoro pe500-800 ℃;Kupisa kweiyo die-casting mold cavity ine hukama nerudzi rwekufa-kukanda zvinhu uye tembiricha yekudurura.Kana kufa-kukanda simbi nhema, tembiricha yekuumbwa inogona kusvika pamusoro pe1000 ℃.Kupisa kwakadai kwekushandiswa kwakanyanya kunoderedza kuoma kwepamusoro uye kusimba kwegomba re mold, zvichiita kuti ive nyore kupeta panguva yekushandiswa.The basic performance inodiwa kune inopisasimbi inofayakakwira thermoplastic kuramba, kusanganisira kuomarara kwepamusoro-tembiricha uye kusimba, uye yakakwira thermoplastic resistance, iyo inonyatsoratidza kugadzikana kwepamusoro kwesimbi.Kubva pane izvi, nzira yekutanga yekuisa simbi inopisa inogona kuwanikwa, ndiko kuti, kuwedzera alloying zvinhu zvakaita seCr, W, Si zvinogona kuvandudza kugadzikana kwesimbi.
(2) Thermal kuneta (kutsemuka) kunoitika pamusoro pesimbi yemugomba we mold.Unhu hwekushanda hwehuni hunopisa hunopindirana.Mushure meimwe neimwe inopisa simbi yakaumbwa, pamusoro pegomba remuvhu rinoda kutonhodzwa nemidhiya yakaita semvura, mafuta, uye mweya.Naizvozvo, iyo inoshanda mamiriro eiyo inopisa mold inodzokororwa ichipisa uye yakatonhodzwa, kuitira kuti simbi yepasi yegomba remuvhu inodzokororwa inodzokororwa kupisa kwekuwedzera, ndiko kuti, kudzokororwa pasi pekunetseka uye kudzvinyirira.Nekuda kweizvozvo, pamusoro pegomba re mold ichatsemuka, iyo inonzi kuneta kwekupisa.Naizvozvo, chechipiri chakakosha kuita chinodiwa kune inopisasimbi inofainoiswa mberi, ndiko kuti, ine yakakwirira yekupisa kuneta kusagadzikana.
Kazhinji kutaura, zvinhu zvikuru zvinokanganisa kupisa kwekuneta kwesimbi ndezvi:
① Thermal conductivity yesimbi.Iyo yakakwirira yekupisa conductivity yesimbi inogona kuderedza dhigirii yekupisa pamusoro pesimbi yepamusoro ye mold, nokudaro kuderedza tsika yesimbi kuneta kuneta.Zvinowanzotendwa kuti thermal conductivity yesimbi ine hukama neiyo kabhoni yemukati.Kana iyo kabhoni yemukati yakakwira, iyo yekupisa conductivity yakaderera, saka haina kukodzera kushandisa yakakwira kabhoni simbi yebasa rinopisa.simbi inofa.Yakaderera kabhoni yepakati kabhoni simbi (C0.3% 5-0.6%) inowanzoshandiswa mukugadzira, izvo zvinogona kutungamirira kuderera kwekuoma uye kusimba kwesimbi uye zvakare inokuvadza.
② Iyo yakakosha point effect yesimbi.Kazhinji, iyo yakakwirira iyo yakakosha poindi (Acl) yesimbi, inodzikira yayo yekupisa kuneta maitiro.Naizvozvo, iyo yakakosha poindi yesimbi inowanzo wedzerwa nekuwedzera alloying zvinhu Cr, W, Si, uye lead.Nokudaro kuvandudza kupisa kuneta kupikisa kwesimbi.
2. Simbi yezvinowanzoshandiswa zvinopisa zvinoshanda molds
(1) Simbi yekugadzira sando inofa.Kazhinji kutaura, pane nyaya mbiri dzakatanhamara nekushandiswa kwesimbi yesando yekuumba molds.Chekutanga, inoiswa pasi pekukanganisa mitoro panguva yekushanda.Nokudaro, iyo mechanical properties yesimbi inodiwa kuti ive yakakwirira, kunyanya yeplastiki deformation kuramba uye kuoma;Chikonzero chechipiri ndechekuti kuyambuka-chikamu saizi yesando yekugadzira kufa yakakura (<400mm), iyo inoda kuomeswa kwakanyanya kwesimbi kuve nechokwadi cheuniform microstructure uye kushanda kwese kufa.
Inowanzo shandiswa nyundo kuumba simbi dzinofa dzinosanganisira 5CrNiMo, 5CrMnMo, 5CrNiW, 5CrNiTi, uye 5CrMnMoSiV.Mhando dzakasiyana dzenyundo ziso molds dzinofanira kushandisa zvinhu zvakasiyana.Kune yakakura kwazvo kana hombe yekugadzira sando inofa, 5CrNiMo inosarudzwa.5CrNiTi, 5CrNiW, kana 5CrMnMoSi inogona kushandiswa zvakare.5CrMnMo simbi inowanzo shandiswa diki uye nepakati-saizi sando forging inofa.
(2) Simbi inoshandiswa kune inopisa extrusion molds, uye hunhu hwekushanda hwekupisa extrusion molds inononoka kurodha kumhanya.Naizvozvo, tembiricha yekudziya ye mold cavity yakakwira, kazhinji inosvika 500-800 ℃.Izvo zvinodiwa zvekushanda kwemhando iyi yesimbi inofanira kunyanya kutarisa kune yakakwirira-yepamusoro-simba simba (kureva kugadzikana kwekupisa) uye kupisa kwakanyanya kuneta.Zvinodiwa zveAK uye kuoma zvinogona kudzikiswa zvakakodzera.Kazhinji, saizi yekupisa extrusion molds idiki, kazhinji isingasviki 70-90 mm.
Inowanzo shandiswa inopisa extrusion molds inosanganisira 4CrW2Si, 3Cr2W8V, uye 5% Cr mhando inopisa basa.simbi inofas.Pakati pavo, 4CrW2Si inogona kushandiswa seese basa rinotonhorasimbi inofauye basa rinopisasimbi inofa.Nekuda kwekushandiswa kwakasiyana, nzira dzakasiyana dzekurapa kupisa dzinogona kushandiswa.Paunenge uchigadzira molds inotonhora, tembiricha yakadzika yekudzima (870-900 ℃) uye yakaderera kana yepakati tembiricha tembiricha kurapwa inoshandiswa;Paunenge uchigadzira molds dzinopisa, tembiricha yekudzima yakakwira (kazhinji 950-1000 ℃) uye kupisa-tembiricha kurapwa kunoshandiswa.
(3) Simbi yezviumbwa zvinofa.Pakazere, zvinodiwa zvesimbi zvekufa-casting molds zvakafanana neaya anopisa extrusion molds, ane high tempering kugadzikana uye kupisa kuneta kuramba zviri izvo zvinonyanya kudiwa.Saka iyo inowanzoshandiswa mhando yesimbi inowanzofanana nesimbi inoshandiswa kune inopisa extrusion molds.Semazuva ese, simbi yakadai se4CrW2Si uye 3Cr2W8V inoshandiswa.Zvisinei, kune misiyano, yakadai sekushandiswa kwe40Cr, 30CrMnSi, uye 40CrMo yepasi yakanyunguduka Zn alloy die-casting molds;Kune Al neMg alloy die-casting molds, 4CrW2Si, 4Cr5MoSiV, nezvimwe zvinogona kusarudzwa.Kune Cu alloy die-casting molds, 3Cr2W8V simbi inonyanya kushandiswa.
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Nguva yekutumira: Jun-21-2023